All vehicles covered by this manual are equipped with front and rear disc brakes. Most models are equipped with an anti-lock braking system (ABS) as standard equipment. Other models may have this system as an optional extra (the operation of the ABS is described in paragraph 19).
Note: On models equipped with the Electronic Slide and Traction Control (ASC+T) system, ABS is part of this system.
The front disc brakes are operated by single-piston floating calipers, providing equal contact force to both brake pads.
All models are equipped with rear disc brakes. The rear brakes are also driven by single-piston calipers. A drum-type parking brake is installed on the rear brake discs.
Note: When servicing any component of the system, work carefully and methodically. When working on the hydraulic system, maintain special cleanliness in the workplace. If you are not sure about the serviceability of any of the components, be sure to replace it. Always purchase only genuine BMW spare parts or spare parts of which you are confident. Read the "Safety First!" warnings and the warnings in the relevant paragraphs of this chapter regarding the toxicity of asbestos dust and brake fluid.