All vehicles described in this manual. equipped with front and rear disc brakes. Most models come with an anti-lock braking system (ABS) as standard equipment. On other models, this system can be installed as an option (ABS operation is described in paragraph 19).
Note. in models. equipped with an electronic motion and traction control system (ASC+T). ABS is part of this system.
The front disc brakes are actuated by floating single-piston calipers that provide equal pressure to both brake pads.
All models have disc rear brakes. The rear brakes are also driven by single-piston calipers. A drum-type parking brake is installed on the rear brake discs.
Note. When servicing any component of the system, work carefully and methodically. When working on the hydraulic system, be especially clean at the workplace. If you are not sure about the health of any of the components, be sure to replace it. Always purchase only original BMW parts. or such spare parts of which you are sure. Read the Warnings "Safety first!", as well as the warnings in the relevant paragraphs of this chapter regarding the toxicity of asbestos dust and brake fluid.